legal herstory pioneers

Select contributions:

• Between 1971 and 1977, member of Congress from New York.

• In 1973, primary sponsor of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act.

• In 1974, primary sponsor of the Equality Act. 

• Authored the Comprehensive Child Development Act.

• In 1991, co-founded the Women's Environment and Development Organization, an international activist and advocacy network. 

​

Biography: Trackbill, WEDO

​

Select contributions:

• In 1914, first woman to be an Assistant United States Attorney in the Northern District of California.

•  In 1920, first woman to be the Assistant Attorney General of the United States.

• In 1942, first woman to be appointed a presiding appellate court justice in California.

• In 1950, served by special assignment on one case in the California Supreme Court,
  becoming the first woman to sit on that court.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, CA Courts

Select contributions:

• In 1889, co-founded Hull House, the first settlement house in the United States.

• In 1919, co-founded the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, later becoming the first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.

• In 1920, co-founded the American Civil Liberties Union (“ACLU”).

• Wrote articles advocating for women’s suffrage.

• Co-founded the Women’s Trade Union League (“WTUL”) and lobbied for protective labor laws
  for women, including an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage.

 

Biography: Women's History, Jane Addams

Select contributions:

• In 1982, joined the academic staff at Georgetown University, directing the University's program on women in global politics.

• In 1993, appointed Ambassador to the United Nations by President Bill Clinton.

• In 1997, became the first woman U.S. Secretary of State. 

 

Biography: State Department, Wikipedia

Select contributions:

• In 1943, became the first Black woman to be admitted to Columbia Law School.

• In 1947, became the first Black woman to practice law in North Carolina.

• In 1968, became the first Black woman elected as a judge in North Carolina.

• In 1969, created the Judgment Day Program for first-time juvenile offenders in her court as an alternative to sentencing and incarceration to allow for rehabilitation. 

 

Biography: Columbia, NC Archives, Wikipedia 

Select contributions:

• In 1921, was the first Black person to receive a Ph.D. in economics in the United States.

• In 1927, was the first woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School.

• In 1927, was the first Black woman to be admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar.

• In 1946, was appointed by President Harry Truman to the  Committee on Civil Rights.

• In 1963, was a founding member of the National Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law.

• In 1978, was appointed chairperson of the White House Conference on Aging by President Jimmy Carter and charged with addressing a range of social and economic needs of the elderly.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, U Penn 

Select contributions:

• In 1917, successfully defended women's right to vote in municipal elections under charter of East Cleveland, State ex rel. Taylor v. French, et al.

• In 1919, secured the women streetcar conductors' right to retain employment after men returned from WWI, Employees v. Cleveland Railway Co.

• In 1920, elected as a judge in the Court of Common Pleas Cuyahoga County, OH.

• In 1922, elected to the OH Supreme Court, the first woman elected to any state supreme court.

• In 1934, nominated to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, the first woman to be nominated to the federal appellate court.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, National Park Service

Select contributions:

• In 1980, fought against L.A. County’s practice of shackling pregnant female prisoners during labor and childbirth. 

• In 1983, sued an L.A. restaurant for refusing to seat same-sex couples.

• In 1984, sued an L.A. dry cleaners for charging more for women's clothing than men's.

• In 1997, represented a woman who was fired for being pregnant.

• In 2004, filed the first suit challenging the ban on same-sex marriage in California.

• In 2008, represented CA women farmworkers in a class action suit for gender discrimination.

 

Biography: LA Times, The New Yorker

Select contributions:

• In 1922, was the first female prosecutor in Chicago.

• In 1926, was the first Black woman admitted to practice before SCOTUS. 

• In 1936, lobbied Congress for the Bankhead-Jones Act, enacted in 1937, which helped low-income farm workers become farm owners.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Black Past

​

Select contributions:

• In 1995, chair of the Group on the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project.

• Involved in setting policies regarding genetic technologies and advised on the use of genetic engineering to invent new living species.

• Advised science ministers of twelve countries on issues including embryo stem cells, gene patents, and DNA banking.

• Chaired committees on custodianship of tissue samples, genetic testing, and ethics for the National Cancer Institute, the American Bar Association, and the National Institutes of Health. 

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Chicago-Kent, World Biography

Select contributions:

• In 1975, became the first Latina lawyer in Pennsylvania.

• In 1979, appointed a White House Fellow.

• In 1984, was the first woman president of the Hispanic National Bar Association. 

• From 2001-2004, was executive director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration. 

• From 2010-2011 and 2012-2016, served as the U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador, the first Puerto Rican woman to serve as an Ambassador.

• In 2016, served as the Acting Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, U.S. Department of State.

• In 2022, became the U.S. Ambassador to Panama.

​

Biography: Temple University, State Dept., Wikipedia, Embassy

Select contributions:

• Between 1971-1973, was the first woman co-chair of the Republican National Committee.

• In 1972, was the keynote speaker at the Republican National Convention, the first woman to do so from either major party.

• In 1972, was the first woman to be appointed Counselor to the President. 

• Founded the Office of Women's Programs in the White House, now know as The White House Council on Women and Girls.

• In 1976, was the first woman to be appointed U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Congress 

Select contributions:

• In 1921, became the first woman tenure-track law professor.

•  In 1932, wrote the book, Insuring the Essentials: Minimum Wage Plus Social Insurance - A Living Wage Program, which advocating for a living wage, social security, and other programs.

• In 1935, drafted the language for the Social Security Act. 

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Berkeley Law

​

Select contributions:

• In 1915, was the first woman inducted into the Michigan chapter of the Order of the Coif.

• In 1916, first woman admitted to practice in the territory of Hawaii.

• In 1923, appointed to the Uniform Law Commission.

• Between 1934-1953, served as attorney for the Hawaiian territorial legislative body during session, writing much of the legislation of the time.

• In 1950, only woman delegate to the Hawaii Constitutional Convention.

• In 1953, only woman appointed to a major cabinet post in Hawaii, Commissioner of Public Lands

 

Biography: Wikipedia, ULC, Newspaper

Select contributions:

• In 1940, became a field secretary for the National Advancement of Colored People ("NAACP").

• In 1943, became the highest-ranking woman in the NAACP after being named director of branches. 

• In 1952, elected as the first woman president of the NAACP New York branch.

• In 1957, was one of three major organizers of the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in Washington, D.C., during the Civil Rights Movement where Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. first addressed a national audience. 

• In 1958, led the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ("SCLC").

• In 1964, helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party as an alternative to the all-white Democratic Party.

Biography: Wikipedia, New York Times, Time

Select contributions:

• In 1869, was the first woman law student in the United States with Phoebe Couzins.

• In 1870, was the first woman admitted to the Missouri bar and the first woman to try a case in a court in the United States.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Washington University Journal, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle   

​

Select contributions:

• In 1934, was the first woman appointed Assistant Attorney General in Massachusetts.

• In 1937, was the first woman to serve a s a full-time judge in Massachusetts.

• In 1959, was the first woman justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court. 

• First woman to present a case in front of a Massachusetts grand jury.

• First woman to be a United States delegate in the United Nations Congress on Crime and Juvenile Delinquency.

​

Biography: Jewish Women's Archive, Boston Women's Heritage Trail, Wikipedia

Select contributions:

• In 1897, was the first woman appointed Cook County Public Guardian in Illinois.

• In 1913, created the Girls' Court, staffed by women, hearing only cases of girls as she believed they were neglected by the system.

• From 1916 to 1917, served as vice chair of the National Woman's Party.

• In 1923, was the first woman to be elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County.

• Established "Mary Clubs," group homes for girls. 

• Nicknamed "Suitcase Mary," for providing young women leaving the judicial system with a suitcase of clothing and toiletries. 

 

Biography: Jane Addams, Wikipedia

Select contributions:

• In 1979, became the Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York in the Criminal Division.

• In 1984, became the first Black professor at Fordham University School of Law.

• In 1990, became a commissioner on the New York Law Review Commission and served as Special Associate Counsel to the Department of Investigation of the City of New York.

• In 1994, was sworn in as a United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, becoming the first openly LGBTQ+ federal judge.

​

​

Biography: Wikipedia, History Makers, Harvard

Select contributions:

• In 1904, founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial School for Training Negro Girls.

• In 1911, founded the Mary McLeod Hospital and Training School for Nurses.

• In 1924, elected president of the National Association of Colored Women, focusing on political advocacy and women's empowerment.

• Advisor to 4 presidents between 1904 and 1947.

• In 1936, became the first Black woman to head an agency as Director of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration.

• In 1942, served as a member of the advisory board that created the Women's Army Corps.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Smithsonian, National Women's History Museum

​

Select contributions:

• In 1884, entered the University of Michigan Law School and passed the court test that enabled her to practice law in the state of Michigan.

• In 1885, applied to Yale using her first initials after being rejected at Harvard Law School and Columbia Law School. 

• In 1886, became the first and only woman graduate from Yale Law School until 1920.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Yale

Select contributions:

• In 1974, inserted the words "or sex or marital status" into the antidiscrimination clause of the 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act during mark up in the Banking and Currency Committee.

• In 1976, as Chair of the Democratic National Convention, became the first woman to preside over a national political convention.  

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Congress 

​

Select Contributions:

• In 1931, was the first Black woman to graduate from Yale with a law degree.

• In 1939, was the first Black woman to become a judge in the United States.

• As a judge in New York family courts, successfully advocated for ending the assignment of probation officers to children based on race and the practice of segregation in child placement facilities.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, McLeod, Jacqueline A., Daughter of the Empire State: The Life of Judge Jane Bolin, p. 62 (University of Illinois Press, 2011), Biography

Select Contributions:

• First executive director of Citizen Labor Energy Coalition, connecting labor organizations and activists.

• In 1967, co-founded Chicago West Side Group, the first “women’s liberation group” aimed at social consciousness.

• In 1969, co-created the Chicago Women’s Liberation Union, organizing Chicago women to support different reforms to improve their lives.

• In the early 1970s, started the Action Committee for Decent Childcare, organizing women and pushing local legislators to create more access to childcare in Chicago.

• President and Founder of Midwest Academy, training social changers and organizers.

Biography: Wikipedia, Chicago Reader

Select Contributions:

• In 1976, elected to the Marin County Board of Supervisors, serving as its first woman president.

• From 1983 to 1993, was member of Congress representing California’s 6th district.

• From 1993 to 2017, was the Senator representing California. 

• In 1991, led women House members to the Senate Judiciary Committee demanding that Anita Hill’s sexual harassment allegations be taken seriously.

• Co-authored, sponsored, or co-sponsored the Violence Against Women Act (1994), the Female Veteran Suicide Prevention Act (2016), the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (2013), the Reinvest in American Education Act (1992), among others.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Congress, Gov Info 

Select Contributions:

• In 1868, founded the Chicago Legal News, which published information about legal opinions, published laws and ordinances, and criticized corruption. 

• In 1869, her application to become the first woman lawyer in Illinois was denied. In 1890, the Illinois Supreme Court granted her a license to practice law, nunc pro tunc to 1869.

• Helped write the Illinois Married Women's Property Act of 1861 and the Earnings Act of 1869.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, ThoughtCo., Library of Congress

Select contributions:

• In 1992, was the first Black woman senator.

• Was the first woman to sit on the Senate Finance Committee.

• In 1993, with Senator Mikulski, wore pants on the U.S. Senate floor in defiance of the rule that prohibited women from wearing pants.

• In 1993, successfully convinced the Senate not to renew the design patent for the United Daughters of the Confederacy as it contained the Confederate flag, which had been routinely renewed for almost 100 years.

• Sponsored the Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act enacted in 1994.

• Between 1999-2001, served as the U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa.

• In 2023, nominated by President Biden to serve as chair of the United States African Development Foundation.

Biography: Wikipedia, Congress, House History 

Select contributions:

• In 1892, was the first woman admitted to the Kentucky Bar.

• In 1904, was the first woman to graduate from the University of Chicago with a J.D. degree.

• In 1907, was the first woman to earn membership in the Order of the Coif.

• Became a professor at the University of Chicago, essentially creating a social work course of study.

• Involved in the creation of the social welfare policies in the New Deal. 

• Was the first woman chosen to represent the United States at an international conference.

 

Biography: U Chicago, Wikipedia

Select contributions:

• Beginning in 1638, as an unmarried landowner and businesswoman in Maryland, acted as an attorney in arguing cases for herself, her brother, and other women in the court of common pleas. 

• In 1648, appeared before the all-male Maryland legislature and asked for the right to vote, which was denied.

• Acted as attorney for Lord Baltimore in settling debts in the protection of the colony.

 

Biography:  Britannica, Wikipedia 

Select contributions:

• In 1981, co-founded the National Women's Law Center.

• Between 1981 and 2017, served as co-president of the National Women's Law Center.

• Served as counsel in numerous cases involving gender and economic equity including Haffer v. Temple University, which expanded women's sports programs, and Parents Without Partners v. Massinga, establishing the right to child support for custodial parents regardless of income.

• Advocated for legislation to further gender and economic equity.

 

Biography:  Wikipedia, NWLC, VFA 

Select contributions:

• In 1895, was the first woman to register to vote in Utah.

• In 1896, elected to the Utah State Senate, becoming the first woman in the United States to serve as a state senator.

• Testified in Congress regarding Utah's women's suffrage work.

• Sponsored legislation to improve the working conditions for women and girls.

• Helped establish Utah's first state board of health.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Utah Women's History

Select contributions:

• In 1932, was the first Black woman to receive a law degree from Fordham University.

• In 1935, only woman appointed to the Mayor's Commission on Conditions in Harlem, after the March riots.

• In 1935, only woman and only Black person appointed to New York Special Prosecutor's law staff, charged with prosecuting organized crime.

• In 1930's, discovered the connection between illegal prostitution and powerful organized crime figures in New York, including Lucky Luciano.

• Her work in the New York district attorneys' office led to Lucky Luciano's conviction, the most successful case against organized crime in U.S. history.

Biography: Wikipedia, Carter, Stephen L., Invisible: The Forgotten Story of the Black Woman Lawyer Who Took Down America's Most Powerful Mobster, p. 90, (Picador, 2018)

Select contributions:

• In 1922, was the first woman elected to be the Secretary of State of New Mexico, becoming the first Hispanic woman elected to statewide office in the United States.

• In 1924, served as acting Governor of New Mexico for two weeks, becoming the second woman, and first Hispanic woman, to act as chief executive of a U.S. state.

• In 1934, was elected to the New Mexico House of Representatives.

 

Biography: New Mexico Historic Women, Wikipedia

Select contributions:

• In 1968, became the first Black woman in Congress.

• Sponsored legislation to create a guaranteed minimum income, fund national school lunch, increase federal assistance for education, and increase federal funding for childcare.

• In 1972, was the first Black woman to seek a major party's nomination for President when she sought the Democratic Party's nomination.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Smithsonian, National Women's History Museum, Congress

Select contributions:

• In 1962, developed continuing education programs for women at the University of Wisconsin.

• Beginning in 1964, chaired the Wisconsin Governor’s Commission on the Status of Women, reviewing and changing laws unfair to women regarding pay equity, access to credit, divorce and marital property, and sexual assault. 

• In 1966, was one of the founders and the chair of the National Organization for Women. 

• Also founded the National Women's Political Caucus and the Wisconsin Women's Network.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, University of Wisconsin 

Select contributions:

• Advocated for consumer protections and women's rights.

• In 1922, was the first woman assigned to the post of appraiser of merchandise for the United States Department of Treasury at the Port of Cleveland.

• In 1928, was the first woman confirmed to a federal court after President Calvin Coolidge's nomination and Senate confirmation to the U.S. Customs Court. 

 

Biography: Wikipedia, U.S. Courts

Select Contributions: 

• In the 1970's, advocated for children as counsel at the Children's Defense Fund and the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families.

• In 1978, appointed by President Carter to the Legal Services Corporation board, ensuring equal access to justice, and served as the first woman chair.

• In the 1980s, as First Lady of Arkansas, and in the 1990s as First Lady of the United States, advocated for health care reform and helped create the Children's Health Insurance Program.

• In 2000, was New York's first woman U.S. Senator, where she advocated for working families, higher minimum wage, and microcredit loans for women entrepreneurs.

• In 2016, was the first woman to earn a major party's nomination for president. 

• From 2009-2013, served as U.S. Secretary of State.

Biography: Wikipedia, White House. 

Select Contributions: 

• In 1869, along with Lemme Barkeloo, were the only two  women law students in the United States.

• In 1871, was the first woman to graduate from law school in the United States and the first woman to graduate from Washington University.

• In 1887, became the first woman U. S. Marshal.

​

Biography: Wikipedia

Select Contributions: 

• In 1902, was the first woman to be admitted to the Kansas Bar and believed to be the first Native American woman lawyer. 

• In 1906, began and led the successful fight to protect the Heron Indian Cemetery, which became a national historic landmark 100 years later.

• In 1910, was the first Native American woman, and third woman, to argue before the U. S. Supreme Court.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, National Women's History Museum

Select Contributions: 

• In 1895, along with two other Colorado women, were the first women legislators in the United States.

• In 1895, became the first woman to serve in a leadership role in an American state legislature, serving as secretary of the Colorado House Republican Caucus.

• In 1895, was the first woman to introduce legislation in the United States, when her bill to boost Colorado's sugar beet industry was passed by both houses of the Colorado legislature, although vetoed by the governor.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, CO Encyclopedia

Select contributions:

• In 1931, became the first woman to hold a full professorship in law.

• In 1939, helped to create a new legal subject, Mineral Rights (Oil and Gas), authoring the definitive treatise on the subject.

• Wrote the first authoritative book on community property law in Louisiana.

• Was instrumental in the establishment of a family law court in East Baton Rouge, LA and other reforms in child welfare and family law.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, ​Kay, Herma Hill, Paving the Way, 43-44 (1921), In Memoriam: Harriet Spiller Daggett, 27 La. L. Rev. (1966).

Select Contributions: 

• In 1910,  drafted a report titled, Work Accidents and the Law, which served as the basis for the first workers compensation law.

• In 1913, co-founded the Congressional Union, which became the National Woman's Party.

• In 1917, co-founded the National Civil Liberties Bureau (later renamed the American Civil Liberties Union) to protect the Bill of Rights. 

• In 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment ("ERA") she co-drafted was introduced in Congress.

 

Biography: ACLU, Wikipedia

Select Contributions: 

• In 1970, helped coordinate Senate testimony for the ERA and testified.

• In 1971, co-founded the Women’s Action Alliance (“WAA”), which provides resources for women and fights to end sexism and sex discrimination.

• In 1971, co-founded the National Women’s Political Caucus.

• In 1972, co-founded and co-directed the ACLU’s Women’s Rights Project with Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

• Brought lawsuits for gender equity, including Ackerman v. Bd. of Ed. of N.Y.C. (1974), which sought paternity leave.

 

Biography: ACLU, Wikipedia, Feigen Law

Select Contributions: 

• From 1988 to 1990, was the lead attorney in drafting the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA") and later assisted in the passing of the ADA Amendments Act of 2008.

• In 1993, was the legal director for the Campaign for Military Service.

• In 2003, was appointed as co-director of Georgetown's Workplace Flexibility 2010 project.

• In 2009, nominated by President Obama to serve on the five-member Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC"). Became the first openly LGBT person to serve on the EEOC, serving 2 full terms.

• In 2021, appointed by President Biden to the AbilityOne Commission and elected vice chair.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, NARPA

Select Contributions: 

• In 1979, was the first woman to represent Queens, NY in Congress.

• In 1981, sponsored the Economic Equity Act, which reformed pension options for women and protected the rights of widows and divorcees, among other things.

• In 1984, first woman vice presidential candidate on a major party ticket.

• Founded the Americans Concerned for Tomorrow PAC, which focused on electing women in the 1986 Congressional elections. 

• In 1995, was Vice Chair of the U.S. Delegation to the Fourth World Conference on Women. 

 

Biography: House, Wikipedia

Select Contributions: 

• In 1878, lobbied the California Governor to sign into law the Woman Lawyer's Bill, giving women the right to practice law in California. Thereafter, became the first woman lawyer in California.

• In 1893, presented the concept of the public defender program and drafted the model statute, which was codified in California in 1921.

​

Biography: California Bar Journal, Wikipedia

Select Contributions: 

• In 1963, on behalf of the ACLU, testified in Congress in favor of the Equal Pay bill. 

• Co-founder of the National Organization for Women.

• In 1965, was the first woman attorney in the General Counsel's office of the EEOC. 

• Drafted the EEOC’s decision finding airlines violated Title VII when they terminated or grounded stewardesses based on their age and marital status. 

• Drafted the EEOC’s first Guidelines on Pregnancy and Childbirth.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Stanford 

Select contributions:

• In 1963, led an equal pay campaign with her women Rutgers University colleagues, when she learned they were being paid less than their men counterparts.

• In 1971, successfully argued Reed v. Reed, wherein the Supreme Court held for the first time  that a law categorically providing for differential treatment of men and women violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.

• In 1972, co-founded the Women's Rights Project of the ACLU.

• In 1980, appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for D.C.

• In 1993, confirmed as a US Supreme Court associate justice, and served on the Court until 2020.

• In 2007, drafted the dissent in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., inspiring the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act. 

Biography: Wikipedia, ACLU, Rutgers 

Select contributions:

• In 1871, wrote a series of articles for the Woman's Journal advocating for women's suffrage.

• In 1874, became the first woman lawyer in Wisconsin.

• In 1876, wrote “Woman in the Legal Profession,” countering the arguments against women as lawyers, which was read at the Fourth Congress of the
  Association for the Advancement of Women.

• Drafted a law prohibiting courts from denying bar admission to women, which was passed in 1877 by an all-male legislature.

• In 1879, opened Wisconsin’s first all-women law firm with Angie King.

 

Biography: Goodell, Wikipedia

Select contributions:

• In 1981, co-founded the National Women's Law Center.

• Between 1981 and 2017, served as co-president of the National Women's Law Center.

• Served as counsel in numerous cases involving gender and economic equity, including Haffer v. Temple University, which expanded women's sports programs, and Parents Without Partners v. Massinga, establishing the right to child support for custodial parents regardless of income.

• Advocated for legislation to further gender and economic equity.

 

Biography:  Wikipedia, NWLC

Select contributions:

• ​In 1954, first woman elected to Congress from Michigan.

• First woman to serve on the House Ways and Means Committee. 

• In 1964, her work led to the addition of the sex discrimination amendment to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

• In 1970, filed the discharge petition bringing the ERA to the House Floor for a vote and ultimate passage.

• In 1983, first woman elected Lieutenant Governor of Michigan.

​

Biography: Wikipedia on Lt. Governors, Wikipedia, House of Representatives

Select contributions:

• In 1918, one of the first two women admitted to membership to the American Bar Association.

• In 1923, Cleveland’s first woman municipal judge, and second woman judge.

• In 1926, appointed to the Morals Court and used her position to protect women and families.

• Active in the Women’s Suffrage Movement.

​

Biography: Suffragist Memorial, Wikipedia, JWA, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History

Select contributions:

• In 1882, the Connecticut Supreme Court issued a decision granting her the right to practice law in the state (In re Hall).

• Practiced law for 40 years, specializing in wills and property rights cases for women.

• In 1884, became Connecticut's first woman notary public.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, CT History, CT Women's Hall of Fame

Select contributions:

• In 1965, became the first Black woman to be a United States Ambassador.

• In 1969, became the first Black woman to be dean of a law school after accepting the position at Howard University of Law. 

• In 1971, was named to the board of directors of International Business Machines Corporation ("IBM"), becoming the first Black woman to sit on a Fortune 500 company's board.

• In 1977, became the first Black woman to serve in the Cabinet after being appointed Secretary for the Department of Housing and Urban Development. 

​

Biography: Wikipedia, State Dept.

Select contributions:

• In 1962, appointed assistant chief of the California Division of Fair Employment Practices and enforced anti-discrimination laws. 

• In 1964, first woman appointed to the EEOC, resigning two years later in protest of the EEOC's refusal to take action on sex discrimination cases.

• In 1966, co-founded the National Organization for Women. She served as its president from 1970-1971 and helped organize the Women's Strike for Equality.

​

Biography: History Makers, Black Past, Wikipedia 

Select contributions:

• In 1887, one of the founders of the Equity Club, a correspondence club composed of women members of the bar.

• In 1887, served as chairman of the executive committee of the Equity Club at the University of Michigan Law School.

• In 1888, graduated with honors as the only woman in the 143 graduates of her law school class.

• In 1888, first woman lawyer admitted to practice in the Kingdom of Hawaii.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Core  

Select contributions:

• In 1954, successfully advocated for an amendment to the Texas Constitution to allow women to sit on juries.

• In 1935, became Texas's first woman state judge.

• In 1961, became Texas's first woman federal judge.

• In 1963, swore in President Lyndon B. Johnson upon President Kennedy's assassination, becoming the first woman to swear in a U.S. President.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Women in Texas History

Select Contributions:

• In 1871, after having passed the bar exam but being denied admission to the Bar, successfully lobbied for the passage of legislation in Illinois prohibiting the exclusion of persons from any occupation, profession, or employment on the basis of sex.

• In 1872, became the first woman lawyer in Illinois.

​

Biography: Wikipedia, Illinois State Bar Association

Select contributions:

• In 1969, sponsored Texas's ratification of the ERA and successfully proposed an equal rights amendment to the Texas Constitution.

• In 1971, in the Texas Senate, advocated to establish a minimum wage law, antidiscrimination statements in business contracts, and a Fair Employment Practices Commission.

• In 1972, was the first Black woman elected to Congress from the South.

• In 1975, as a congresswoman, cosponsored legislation expanding the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to include Latinx, Native, and Asian Americans.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, National Women's History Museum, Texas State Historical Association​

Select contributions:

• Was instrumental in launching no-fault divorce in California.

• In 1968, served as the co-reporter of the committee that drafted the Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act that was widely adopted in the U.S.

• In 1992, became the first woman dean of UC Berkeley School of Law.

 

Biography: Berkeley, Wikipedia​

Select contributions:

• In 1979, was the first Black woman on a federal appellate court when she was appointed as the first woman to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals. 

• In 1979, was the first woman elected to a fellowship in the American College of Trial Lawyers.

• In 1984, authored the opinion, McCray v. Abrams, setting forth a new test making it harder for jurors to be struck based on race. This test was largely adopted by the U.S. Supreme Court in Batson v. Kentucky.

• Considered as a nominee for the U.S. Supreme Court.

​

Biography: Second Circuit, History, Wikipedia ​

Select contributions:

• In 1893, appointed Chief Factory Inspector, becoming the first woman appointed to a statewide office in  Illinois.

• In 1899, became the first General Secretary of the National Consumers League (NCL), helping create shorter workdays and minimum wage laws.

• In 1906, successfully advocated for the Pure Food and Drug Act, a consumer protection law.

• In 1909, helped found the NAACP.

• In 1921, successfully lobbied for the passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act, which provided federal funds for maternity and childcare.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Women's History​

Select contributions:

• In 1908, was the first woman lawyer admitted to practice in Alabama, after a classmate succeeded in having legislation passed that changed the Code of Alabama to allow women to practice law.

• Active on the legislative committees of the Birmingham and Alabama Equal Suffrage Associations.

• Searched attics and basements of courthouses collecting, preserving, and donating lost, forgotten, and decaying documents and papers including census records, land records, biographies of state officials, etc. 

 

Biography: Samford University, Alabama Women's Hall of Fame, Wikipedia ​

Select Contributions:

• In 1968, advisory sponsor to the Miss America Protest, demonstrating that the pageant exploited women. 

• In 1969, organized lawyers to challenge the constitutionality of New York’s anti-abortion laws in a class action lawsuit, Abramowicz v. Lefkowitz, using women who suffered from illegal abortions as expert witnesses.

• In 1971, founded the Feminist Party, which nominated Shirley Chisholm for President.

• In 1973, formulated and participated in the protest to highlight the lack of women's bathrooms at Harvard University.

 

Biography:  Radcliffe, Notable Bios, Wikipedia  

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• In 1936, as chair of a committee studying procedure in women's courts, advocated for better treatment of sex workers and stronger prosecution of the clients and pimps. 

• From 1938-1943, served as the U.S. representative to the League of Nations Committee for the Study of the Status of Women. 

• From 1946-1950, served as the U.S. representative to the United Nations Committee for the Study of the Status of Women. 

• In 1966, as co-counsel in White v. Crook,  successfully argued that women have an equal right to serve on juries. 

 

Biography:  Wikipedia 

Select Contributions:

• In 1870, became the first American woman to graduate from law school. 

• Denied the right to practice law due to her gender.

• Advocated for social reform, including women's suffrage and temperance.

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Biography: Wikipedia, ABA Journal

Select contributions:

• In 1865, was the first woman to receive a medical degree in New York, but was only able to practice as a physician's assistant. 

• From 1872 to 1874, her applications to sit for the Pennsylvania Bar exam were rejected.

• In 1881, was the first woman admitted to study at Penn Law.

• In 1883, became the first woman to hold both a medical and a law degree. 

• In 1886, became the first woman licensed to practice by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. 

• In 1871, tried to vote but her ballot was rejected. She appealed her ballot rejection to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and lost. 

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Alexander Street, Philadelphia Citizen

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Select contributions:

• In 1897, was the first woman registered to practice before the U.S. Patent Office.

• In 1912, founded and served as president of the Women's Association of Commerce of Chicago.

• In 1916, founded and served as president of the Women's Association of Commerce of the United States. 

• By 1919, was president of the International Women’s Association of Commerce.

• In 1922, was the first woman to argue a patent case before the U.S. Supreme Court. 

• In 1923, was the first woman to win a case before the U.S. Supreme Court, Crown Co. v. Nye Tool Works.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Stanford Law, Legal News

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• In 1946, was the first Black woman to graduate from the University of Chicago Law School.

• In 1963, argued Beatrice Lynumn v. State of Illinois before the United States Supreme Court, which set the precedent for the 1966 landmark decision, Miranda v. Arizona.

• In the Nixon Administration, served as the first woman Deputy Solicitor General, vice chairman of the U.S. Advisory Commission on International, Educational and Cultural Affairs, and a U.N. General Assembly representative.

• From 1989 to 1993, served in President George H.W. Bush's State Department as Ambassador-at-Large and Coordinator for Refugee Affairs.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, New York Times, BlackPast 

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Select contributions:

• In early 1900’s, organized consumer protest groups made up of Black housewives in Pittsburgh.

• From 1915 to 1955, served as president of the Lucy Stone Suffrage League.

• In 1924, appointed to PA Governor’s Interracial Committee to advise the state legislature’s race relation policies.

• In 1929, elected vice president of the Courier Publishing Company. 

• From 1930 to 1935, served as the regional field secretary of the NAACP.

• From 1935 to 1947, served as the national field secretary of the NAACP.

• In 1947, became the first woman board member of the NAACP, serving in that capacity for 17 years.

 

Biography: PA Book, Wikipedia, BlackPast

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Select contributions:

• Was the first woman to try a case before the Colorado Supreme Court.

• In 1902, successfully argued Clayton v. Hallett before the Colorado Supreme Court, which established Colorado's law of charitable bequests.

• Practiced probate law, ultimately helping to re-draft Colorado's probate statutes.

• In 1918, was one of the first two women to be admitted to the American Bar Association.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Colorado's Hall of Fame

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Select contributions:

• In 1972, graduated with honors from Yale University in the first coed graduating class.

• In 2020, authored the Juneteenth National  Independence Day Act.

• In 2021, sponsored the Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization Act.

• Advocated for the passage of the Paycheck Fairness Act of 2021 and the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act of 2021.

• First woman to be appointed as a ranking member of the Judiciary Subcommittee for Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, House, NAACP

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• In 1873, completed law studies at George Washington University Law School, but was denied a diploma until President Grant intervened. 

• In 1876, after being denied admission to the Supreme Court Bar due to gender, drafted legislation, which was passed by Congress, allowing qualified women to practice in federal court.

• In 1880, as the first woman member of the Supreme Court Bar, became the first woman to argue in front of the Supreme Court. 

• In 1884 (and 1888), became the first woman to be on the official ballot for President of the United States, running on the ticket of the National Equal Rights Party.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, SCOTUS, National Archives

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• In 1944, was the first woman Supreme Court Clerk when she became a clerk for Associate Justice William O. Douglas. Despite her competence, another woman did not serve as a Supreme Court clerk for 22 years.

• In 1945, served as assistant attorney general in the state of Washington.

• In 1948, was the first women hired in the legal department of General Electric Company and was the first woman to hold many senior positions.

 

Biography: SCOTUS History, Wikipedia

Select contributions:

• From 1999 to 2001 and 2010 to 2015, led the US Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of New York after being appointed as US Attorney. 

• From 2003 to 2005, served as a board member on the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

• In 2005, served as Special Counsel to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.

• From 2015 to 2017, served as US Attorney General, the first Black woman to be so appointed.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Dept. of Justice, Harvard

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• In 1971, as law clerk for Judge Raymond J. Pettine, was the first woman law clerk in the U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island.

• In 1981, became the first woman partner to lead the litigation department of Foley, Hoag, & Eliot.

• In 1995, was the first woman appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.

• In 1996, wrote a dissenting opinion later adopted by Congress. An all-men panel held that rape committed at gunpoint by a carjacker did not constitute "serious bodily injury" under the federal sentencing guidelines. In her dissent from the denial of a rehearing en banc, she wrote that clearly Congress intended "serious bodily injury" to include abduction and rape. Congress adopted this position.

•  In 2008, was the first woman appointed as chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.

Biography: Wikipedia, BU, First Circuit

Select contributions:

• In 1895, while still a teenager, was sworn in as “Assistant Enrolling Clerk” for the Kansas State Legislature, learning about the legislative process.

• In the 1890s, worked as an editor, essayist, and journalist, shedding light on racial and gender injustice.

• In 1897, was the first woman admitted to the Tennessee Bar and the first Black woman admitted to the Kansas Bar.

• In 1898, with Ellen Spencer Mussey and Emma Gillett, became the first women to teach law.

• Was the first Black woman admitted to the National Bar Association.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Iowa Law Review

Select contributions:

• In 1978, advocated for the Indian Child Welfare Act, which prevents children from being removed from their culture.

• In 1980, wrote the grant for and oversaw the Bell Project, a community development project that served as a model for other grant programs for Cherokee and other tribes.

• In 1981, appointed as the first director of the Community Development Department of the Cherokee Nation.

• In 1983, first woman elected to serve as Deputy Chief of the Cherokee Nation.

• In 1985, first woman elected to serve as the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation or of any major Native tribe.

• As Chief, worked to improve education, healthcare, and housing services, resulting in a decline in infant mortality and an increase in educational achievement.

• In 2004, was a founding board member of Women Empowering Women for Indian Nations ("WEWIN") to promote and empower Indigenous women's leadership.

Biography: Wikipedia, National Women's History Museum

Select contributions:

• In 1869, sat for the Iowa State bar exam, even though it was restricted to "males over 21."

• In 1869, became the first woman admitted to a licensed bar in the United States when she was admitted to the Iowa bar following the Iowa Supreme Court's ruling that women could not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa.

• Advocated for equal education opportunities and voting rights for women.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa Judicial Branch

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• In 1912, elected president of the Nevada Equal Franchise Society (later the Nevada Woman’s Civic League).

• In 1914, organized the campaign that won women’s suffrage with the popular vote in Nevada.

• In 1916, chosen as the National Woman’s Party’s first chairman at its founding convention.

• In 1917, was one of the Silent Sentinels arrested for picketing in front of the White House for the right to vote.

• In 1918 and 1920, first woman to run for the U.S. Senate, running as an Independent from Nevada.

• Author of numerous newspaper and magazine articles on women’s equality and related political and economic subjects.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Nevada Women, Suffragists 

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• In 1925, was the second women hired as an attorney in the office of the Solicitor of Internal Revenue.

• In 1927, selected as an expert on the foreign tax credit to assist the American delegate for the Committee of Technical Experts for the Council of the League of Nations.

• In 1930, became the first woman to serve as a judge on the United States Board of Tax Appeals.

• In 1939, used her platform as a judge to write letters, along with other women judges, in an unsuccessful attempt to advocate for the nomination of Florence E. Allen as the first woman Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

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Biography: Wikipedia, Hollis Archives 

Select contributions:

• After passing the District of Columbia bar exam in 1920, was denied admission in professional lawyers' associations, include the District of Columbia Bar Association.

• With other women lawyers, formed the Women's Bar Association and the national Association of Women Lawyers. 

• In 1920, was rejected by the Veterans Administration's legal department because of her gender. Eventually, formed the all-women law firm, Matthews, Berrien, and Greathouse. 

• In 1921, began serving as legal counsel for the suffragist National Women's Party.

• In 1949, became the first woman to serve on a United States District Court.

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Biography: Wikipedia, Mississippi History NOW

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• In 1887, opened a law firm representing women in matters including custody disputes and wage discrimination.

• In 1901, successfully advocated for legislation giving women equal right to guardianship over children. 

• In 1904 to 1911, served as legal adviser and as first VP of National American Woman Suffrage Association.

• In 1905, spearheaded successful efforts to raise the age of consent for girls from 14 to 16.

• In 1907, became the first woman in Illinois elected to serve as a Justice of the Peace. Agreed to omit "obey" from women's vows when presiding over marriages.

• In 1916, was the first woman nominated by a major party as a presidential elector. 

• In 1917, as the first president of the Women’s Democratic Club of Illinois, advocated for suffrage.

Biography: CWM, Wikipedia, Evanston Women

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• In 1933, in her master's thesis, Some Factors Affecting Secondary Education for Negroes in Maryland Counties (Excluding Baltimore), attacked the racist dual school system, including salary scales and curricula.

• In 1975, first woman chair of the Board of Regents at Morgan State University.

• In 1984, first woman to be the national president of the NAACP.

• Advocated for equal pay for Black teachers, the majority of which were women.

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Biography: Wikipedia, Morgan State University 

Select contributions:

• In 1942, as a law student, was named as the assistant to the chief reporter in drafting the Uniform Commercial Code. In 1949, was named the associate chief reporter in drafting the Uniform Commercial Code. 

• In 1944, became one of the first women partners at a major Wall Street firm. 

• In 1947, became the first woman to teach at Harvard, and in 1951, became the first woman to teach at the University of Chicago.

• In 1974, became the first woman president of the Association of American Law School ("AALS") while dean of the University of Miami School of Law.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Univ. of Miami

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Select contributions:

• In 1976, elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

• In 1986, first woman Democrat elected as a Senator without succeeding a husband or father.

• In 1993, with Senator Carol Moseley Braun, wore pants onto the Senate floor, violating the floor rule prohibiting women from wearing pants.

• Advocated for the passage of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009.

• In 2010, became longest-serving woman senator.

• In 2012, first woman appointed to chair the Senate Appropriations Committee.

• Aided in the establishment of the Office of Research on Women's Health at the National Institutes of Health ("NIH").

• Introduced the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2013.

Biography: Wikipedia, Senate, John Hopkins, Trailblazer  

Select contributions:

• In 1909, participated in the shirtwaist and laundry worker strikes advocating for higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.

• In 1913, helped organize and led the Women's Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C.

• In 1915, joined the Ford Peace Ship in an effort to stop WWI through negotiation.

• In 1916, toured the United States to gain support for a Constitutional amendment to grant women the right to vote.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Vassar, New York Times  

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Select contributions:

• In 1912, founded the Allegheny County Equal Rights Association, which lobbied Pennsylvania legislators to give women the right to vote.

• In 1919, was the first woman to address the Pennsylvania State Legislature in her effort to persuade the state to ratify the 19th Amendment.

• In 1919, elected as the first President of the League of Women Citizens of Pennsylvania, which later became the League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania.

• Between the 1930s and 1950s, with her sister, exposed corruption in Pittsburgh’s government, including a probe of the city’s mayor resulting in his conviction in 1932.

 

Biography: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, PA Senate, Wikipedia

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Select contributions:

• In 1964, was the first Asian American woman and first woman of color to serve in Congress.

• In 1972, was the first Asian American to run for President.

• Advocated for issues related to childcare and education, including the Early Childhood Education Act and the Comprehensive Child Development Act.

• Advocated for gender equality in education as a drafter and/or sponsor of legislation, including Title IX and the Gender Equity in Education Act.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, National Women's History Museum, Congress

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Select contributions:

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• In 1870, became the first woman to be appointed as the justice of the peace for the South Pass District in Wyoming.

• In 1870, as justice of the peace, was the first woman to serve as a judge in the United States.

 

Biography: AOC, Wikipedia 

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Select contributions:

• In 1950, wrote the original complaint in Brown v. Board of Education.

• In 1962, successfully argued Meredith v. Fair, granting Mr. Meredith the right to be the first Black student to attend the University of Mississippi.

• In 1964, was the first Black woman in the New York State Senate.

• In 1966, became the first Black woman appointed and confirmed to the federal judiciary when she was confirmed as a U.S. District Court Judge for the Southern District of New York.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, U.S. Courts

Select contributions:

• In 1837, organized the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women.

• In 1840, was denied a seat at the International Anti-Slavery Convention in London, leading to her organization of the Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

• In 1844, helped create the Northern Association of the City and County of Philadelphia for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women and served as its president.

• In 1848, was first signatory of the Declaration of Sentiments at Seneca Falls.

• In 1866, served as the first President of the American Equal Rights Association.

 

Biography: Nat'l Women's History, Wikipedia, Archives

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• In 1944, formulated the challenge to the "separate" part of "separate but equal," which was successfully used by Thurgood Marshall in 1954 in arguing Brown v. Board of Education.

• Wrote the definitive book on segregation, "States' Laws on Race and Color."

• Coined the term "Jane Crow" to explain the segregation of the sexes.

• In 1966, one of the founding members of the National Organization for Women ("NOW").

• In 1966, as co-counsel in White v. Crook, successfully argued that women have an equal right to serve on juries.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, Pauli Murray Center, The New Yorker

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• In 1896, the Mussey Act was passed in Washington D.C., providing property and guardianship protections for married women.

• In 1898, after being denied admission to law school, opened the first law school for women, the Washington College of Law, with Emma Gillett, which was also the first law school founded by women.

• In 1898, was the the first woman law school dean in America and served in this role until 1913.

• In 1917, founded the D.C. Woman’s Bar Association.

• Co-drafted the Cable Act of 1922, allowing married women to retain their U.S. citizenship.

 

Biography: Wikipedia, WCL, Britannica, WBADC

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• In 1975, first openly gay woman and person elected to a state legislature.

• In 1971, co-founded the Massachusetts Women’s Political Caucus.

• Fought for the desegregation of Boston.
  public schools while in the Massachusetts legislature.

• In 1977, served as a member of the first delegation of people invited to the White House by Jimmy Carter to discuss LGBTQ+ issues

 

Biography: Wikipedia, GLBTQ

Select contributions:

• In 1967, successfully defended a white supremacist group's freedom of speech in Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne.

• In 1970, successfully represented 60 women in their EEOC complaint of sex discrimination, resulting in their employer, Newsweek, agreeing to allow women to be reporters.

• In 1970, appointed as Chair of the New York City Commission on Human Rights where she held the country's first hearings on gender discrimination. 

• In 1977, was the first woman to chair the EEOC. 

• In 1990, elected as a delegate to the House of Representatives for the District of Columbia. 

 

Biography: Wikipedia, ACLU, AP News

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• In 1973, was the first woman to serve as a state's Majority Leader, when she became the majority leader in the Arizona State Senate.

• In 1981, became the first woman nominated and first woman confirmed as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

 

Biography: Wikipedia  

Select contributions:

• In the 1970's, served as general counsel for the Community Services Administration in the Gerald Ford Administration.

• Appointed by President Ford as director of the Federal Energy Administration’s Office of Consumer Affairs.

• In 1977, appointed by President Carter to head the Department of Energy's Economic Regulatory Administration.